FOX News: Special Report With Bret Baier
5/1/2024 10:10pm
... the alleged involvement of a u.s.-based organization in so-called gain of function research in china prior to the coronavirus pandemic. here is senior congressional correspondent chad pergram. peter coshocton shingleton is ...
FOX News: Americas Newsroom
5/1/2024 2:59pm
... uncovering covid-19's origin nor evidence that the scientific community has sought to cover up the origins of the pandemic or caused it. scientists argue about the need to do gain-of-function research to understand viral threats. it is an issue of national ...
FOX News: Americas Newsroom
5/1/2024 2:58pm
... gain-of-function research at the wuhan lab is facing tough questions on a house hearing looking into the origins of the pandemic. chad pergram is live on capitol hill. peter runs echo health. ...
FOX News: Special Report With Bret Baier
4/26/2024 10:59pm
... mike: monday on 'special report,' we look at china's efforts to stop investigations into the coronavirus pandemic and whether there were concerns within the fbi about gain of function research, please join ...
FOX News: Special Report With Bret Baier
4/16/2024 10:20pm
... bowman of new york who infamous willly pulled a fire fire alarm to delay a funding vote in the chamber. gain of function research's gain ofgain ofgurch whet gorsuce ...
FOX News: Sunday Morning Futures With Maria Bartiromo
4/14/2024 7:43pm
... maria: real quick, we've got to get into covid as well. you are out with a report which shows that 15, at least 15 federal agencies knew that gain of function research was being done in the wuhan lab since, ...
FOX News: Sunday Morning Futures With Maria Bartiromo
4/14/2024 7:01pm
... global backdrop under president joe biden. plus, senator rand paul is here on the response in the senate and the covid cover-up. why 15 federal agencies were aware of gain of function research being done at the wuhan lab in china before covid leaked ...
FOX News: Sunday Morning Futures With Maria Bartiromo
4/14/2024 2:43pm
... didn't take it. maria: right. it was a crummy deal, we never should have done it. maria: real quick, we've got to get into covid as well. you are out with a report which shows that 15, at least 15 federal agencies knew that gain of function research was being ...
FOX News: Sunday Morning Futures With Maria Bartiromo
4/14/2024 2:01pm
... why 15 federal agencies were aware of gain of function research being done at the wuhan lab in china before covid leaked and spread across the world killing millions. plus, tomorrow is tax day in america. house ways and means committee chairman jason smith on why the ...
FOX News: The Ingraham Angle
4/12/2024 11:45pm
... rachel: joining me now mike davis former gain of function research law clerk and founder of the article iii clerk. sole wisenburg fox news contributor. sol, the trial is happening in ...
FOX News: FOX and Friends
4/10/2024 11:15am
... dr. fauci, knowing that it is a crime to lie to congress, do you wish to retract your statement of may 11th where you claimed that the nih never funded gain of function research in wuhan? senator paul, i have never lied before the congress. ...
FOX News: America Reports
4/9/2024 6:11pm
... about this? yes. without question they did funded gain-of-function research in wuhan so that's a lie but also we now know and what we are revealing today as he knew about the specific project to put a fearing cleavage site with peter dave zach, and the wuhan ...
FOX News: America Reports
4/9/2024 6:10pm
... and niaid categorically has not funded gain-of-function research to be connected in the wuhan institute of virology. john: yet you say that with you questioning them there as you have so many times you say it's impossible he did not know ...
FOX News: America Reports
4/5/2024 5:38pm
... and niad categorically has not funded gain-of-function research to be conducted in the wuhan institute -- john: of course in congress the biggest b in his bonnet was senator rand paul of kentucky ...
MSNBC: Morning Joe
4/3/2024 1:42pm
... and if this was manufactured in a lab, we need to go -- we need to stop financing gain of function research. it's not that complicated. the obama administration banned gain of function research so that we weren't playing around with bio hazardous weapons and maybe we should revisit that ...
CNN: Real Time With Bill Maher
3/31/2024 5:55am
... national movement to retrofit buildings, i missed it. gain of function research is still going on in labs. we're still torturing animals by raising our food and conditions ideal for viruses to make the leap to humans, bird flu was just found ...
CNN: Real Time With Bill Maher
3/31/2024 5:52am
... including the biden administration, admits as at least a 50, 50 chance that the virus could have begun in the lab in wu han. that was doing gain of function research on that virus but i don't see a ...
CNN: Real Time With Bill Maher
3/31/2024 0:55am
... been a big national movement to retrofit buildings, i missed it gain of function research is still going on in labs. we're still torturing animals by raising our food and conditions ideal for viruses to make the leap to humans, bird flu was ...
CNN: Real Time With Bill Maher
3/31/2024 0:52am
... bannon. and now everyone including the biden administration admits as at least a 50, 50 chance that the virus could have begun in the lab. and wu that was doing gain of function research on that virus but i don't see a lot of ...
FOX News: FOX and Friends
2/19/2024 11:52am
... get us all next. by the way it could spread more than covid and be more deadly than covid. that's a given, especially with all the labs around the world that are doing gain of function research which are testing virus ...
FOX News: The Ingraham Angle
2/2/2024 0:25am
... clerk to justice gain of function research, he did take -justicegorsuch. he traded juggernaut 120 up to ...
FOX News: FOX and Friends Sunday
1/28/2024 12:25pm
... and c. redfield began -- dr. redfield began to hint at it there, i think. oh, no, or we need to anticipate what could come along, create a vaccine. but in the process they create what could come along. will, as usual, you nailed it. basically, gain of function of ...
FOX News: FOX and Friends Sunday
1/28/2024 12:25pm
... pathogen threats when they come. we don't have to try to create them to try to understand them. will: dr. siegel, can we do do our to -- i think it's called steel man instead of straw man, those that support gain of function. the idea in their minds is what? ...
FOX News: FOX and Friends Sunday
1/28/2024 12:24pm
... let's address what we can about the specification of what's happened in montana but also at large gain of function. dr. redfield, what inspired the two of you to write this op-ed together considering what we are reporting now that that's taking place across the world? well, will, one of the ...
FOX News: FOX and Friends Sunday
1/28/2024 12:23pm
... serious side effects. in a survey, 92% of current users said they wish they'd talked to their doctor and started botox® sooner. so, ask your doctor if botox® is right for you. learn how abbvie could help you save on botox®. will: growing fears around gain ...
FOX News: FOX and Friends Sunday
1/28/2024 12:19pm
... experimenting on animals with ebola? carley: dr. marc siegel and dr. robert redfield are calling for a moratorium on gain of function study, and they joan us next. ...
FOX News: FOX and Friends Sunday
1/28/2024 12:19pm
... another season under their dad. pete: i need to know more. that'd be a good movie. a child that got that money. coming up, concerns over gain of function research as a watchdog shares a disturbing look at an nih lab reportedly ...
FOX News: Americas Newsroom
1/18/2024 2:25pm
... and it wasn't until they were questioned on this and pushed on this that they changed the nih website to change the definition of gain-of-function research. it sounds like a cover there because it didn't happen until later. bill: you are a doctor, ...
FOX News: Americas Newsroom
1/18/2024 2:25pm
... gain-of-function research in china, now he is saying that he has a different definition of gain-of-function research that means it definitely creates a pandemic. and no one else has that definition except now for he and dr. collins. ...
FOX News: Americas Newsroom
1/18/2024 2:25pm
... wuhan lab for this quote, unquote, gain-of-function research. did he cop to that or did he sidestep it? he side stepped that because he was saying when he had the interaction with senator paul saying we're not doing ...
FOX News: Americas Newsroom
1/18/2024 2:22pm
... research in china. gain-of-function research and those people are familiar with that term. there is no oversight over that. dr. fauci said when they put in their request for a research grant, a board looked at it. once they look at it i just sign off on it and i'm done. ...
FOX News: Americas Newsroom
1/17/2024 3:51pm
... american soil, i sounded the alarm asking for answers and following the money. they vilified me. my colleagues and anyone who started putting the pieces together. i was not afraid of taking on the gain of function mafia then ...
FOX News: Americas Newsroom
1/17/2024 3:50pm
... we thought they were protecting science and the science they were protecting is this gain-of-function research that they want to do. but in fact they did the opposite. i think we've lost a lot of credibility in both nih and cdc ...
FOX News: FOX and Friends
1/17/2024 11:25am
... because they thought they were protecting science. and the science that they were protecting is this gain of function research that they want to do. but, in fact, they did the opposite. i think we have lost a lot of credibility in both nih and ...
FOX News: FOX and Friends
1/17/2024 11:22am
... dr. robert redfield is here to react. good morning, dr. redfield. good morning. ainsley: good morning. here we go again. why would they do this again? well, you know, ainsley, i'm very much against the wisdom of doing this gain of function ...
FOX News: The Ingraham Angle
1/10/2024 9:39am
... on the committee in the hearings where fauci is testifying, the democrats are still defending him and saying nothing to see here, it wasn't gain of function research. but it's all the sort of parsinf mores. the viruses they were creatingd in the lab were more infectious. they became more infectious ...
FOX News: The Ingraham Angle
1/10/2024 9:38am
... suspicious that the virus was manipulated. looks manipulated. and we know they are doing gain of function research in wuhan. he describes it, that's in a private email.e em in public, to this day he stillh denies that they funded any gain of function research in wuhan. it's all an entire lie.th ...
FOX News: The Ingraham Angle
1/10/2024 9:38am
... fellow co-worker, sylvia burwell, he told her the truth. he said the masks don't work because the poors are bigger than the viruse th. in public he wears three masks in private he tells colleagues you don't need to wear one.it it's the same with immunity.y. same with the vaccines.cc reallyin the ...
FOX News: The Ingraham Angle
1/10/2024 9:37am
... clinton a little bitkind.il i don't recall. he gets into the definition what is . gain of function is. what is the definitionis of gain of function researchs th. f everything is parsing words when he can remember and most of the time if it's an importantt question he can't remember. but he did ...
FOX News: The Ingraham Angle
1/10/2024 0:39am
... more deadly and more infectious. if that's not gain of function research you are being dishonest. laura: really quickly, senator, the border deal that the republicans are cooking up that chuck schumer and apparently mitch mcconnell and others are going to agree to to ...
FOX News: The Ingraham Angle
1/10/2024 0:39am
... where fauci is testifying, the democrats are still defending him and saying nothing to see here, it wasn't gain of function research. but it's all sort of parsing of words. the viruses they were creating in the lab were more infectious. they became more infectious and more deadly. ...
FOX News: The Ingraham Angle
1/10/2024 0:38am
... of function research in wuhan. he describes it, that's in a private email. in public, to this day he still denies that they funded any gain of function research in wuhan. it's all n. an an entire lie. ...
FOX News: The Ingraham Angle
1/10/2024 0:38am
... laura: own. in public he wears three masks in private he tells colleagues you don't need to wear one. it's the same with immunity. same with the vaccines. really the same with gain of function research. in private he said yes, we are suspicious that the virus was manipulated. looks manipulated. and ...
FOX News: The Ingraham Angle
1/10/2024 0:37am
... pandemic response that he presided over. senator paul? who does that remind you of? kind of reminds you of bill clinton a little bit. i don't recall. he gets into the definition what is. gain of function is. what is the definition of gain of function research. everything is parsing words when ...
FOX News: FOX and Friends
1/8/2024 1:37pm
... the biggest lie from dr. fauci united states government did not fund gain of function research in wuhan. we have a group of scientists with the cia agree that in all ...
FOX News: The Big Weekend Show
1/8/2024 0:30am
... the subject of the origins of covid-19. anthony fauci knew early on that the virus looked when he played it he admitted this, the virus looked manipulated and we know they do gain-of-function research and move on. he denied that publicly for ...
FOX News: FOX and Friends Saturday
1/6/2024 12:12pm
... experts said it wasn't gain of function and show us paperwork and ultimately it was could millions of lives been saved if anthony fauci allowed this dangerous research going on in china go through the standard protocol, standard safety committee and is there a ...
FOX News: FOX and Friends Saturday
1/6/2024 12:12pm
... safety committee and there's a safety committee set up in 2016 and seeing this research and put extra scrutiny into gain of function reservice connected and have fauci said in submit tee to me. we looked at all that and all my ...
FOX News: FOX and Friends Saturday
1/6/2024 12:11pm
... looked manipulated and knew it in his private e-mails and in private virus looks manipulated and they do gain of function research and here's the question and the question is how did they get permission to skip the ...
FOX News: Special Report With Bret Baier
1/6/2024 0:00am
... as many lives of our people as people. bret: top virology just pointed gain of function research and lab leak. it does not sound like you are open-minded to it? bret, i know you are a good person. i have known you a long time. bret: fair. ...
FOX News: The Ingraham Angle
12/21/2023 9:10am
... former law clerk for justice gain of function research and article iii project and jamie landau for justices thomas and scalia and former ambassador to mexico for president trump. chris, your comments last night made a big stir. ...
FOX News: The Ingraham Angle
12/21/2023 0:10am
... until the next democrats launch their next act of lawfare against the people. and that's the angle. joining me now is mike davis, former law clerk for justice gain of function research and ...
FOX News: FOX and Friends
12/11/2023 11:15am
... look, not only is it plausible that covid was started in wuhan probable it started in a lab. not like you have a gain of function research lab around every corner there is just a few of them around the world. the fact that this came out of ...
FOX News: Sunday Morning Futures With Maria Bartiromo
12/10/2023 8:38pm
... cure for cancer, he was also in charge of a lot of bioweapons money and in charge of a lot of things that had dual use, and they won't reveal any of this to us. they had weekly meetings on dangerous, dual-use research concerns and gain of function, and not one item of any of those ...
FOX News: Sunday Morning Futures With Maria Bartiromo
12/10/2023 8:36pm
... usaid, nih, hhs, they're withholding documents because they funded the lab in wuhan not just once, not just twice, but for a decade they were funding. and we have anthony fauci e on record as saying that even if a pandemic occurs, even if a gain of function research infects the ...
FOX News: Sunday Morning Futures With Maria Bartiromo
12/10/2023 8:33pm
... that followed. next month dr. anthony fauci is set to testify for two days before the house on the origins of covid-19 and his handling of the pandemic where republicans are expected to grill him on overseeing gain of function research at the wuhan lab as ...
FOX News: Sunday Morning Futures With Maria Bartiromo
12/10/2023 3:38pm
... cure for cancer, he was also in charge of a lot of bioweapons money and in charge of a lot of things that had dual use, and they won't reveal any of this to us. they had weekly meetings on dangerous, dual-use research concerns and gain of function, and not one item of any of those ...
FOX News: Sunday Morning Futures With Maria Bartiromo
12/10/2023 3:36pm
... they funded the lab in wuhan not just once, not just twice, but for a decade they were funding. and we have anthony fauci e on record as saying that even if a pandemic occurs, even if a gain of function research infects the scientists and a pandemic occurs, that the knowledge would ...
FOX News: Sunday Morning Futures With Maria Bartiromo
12/10/2023 3:33pm
... before the house on the origins of covid-19 and his handling of the pandemic where republicans are expected to grill him on overseeing gain of function research at the wuhan lab as well as discrediting the theory the virus origin to nateed from a lab leak. joining me right now is kentucky ...
FOX News: FOX and Friends Sunday
12/10/2023 2:16pm
... rachel: gain of function. nothing to see here. and this. an astronaut in celebrating hanukkah in space this year with a dradle spinning in zero gravity. the nasa astronaut said the ...
FOX News: Special Report With Bret Baier
12/7/2023 11:45pm
... so-called gain of function research and that that information is public. bret? bret: rich, thank you. up next, the panel on the fight over ukraine funding and the southern border crisis. and the fourth republican debate. first, beyond our borders tonight. ...
FOX News: FOX and Friends Sunday
12/3/2023 12:10pm
... dangerous viruses one that could kill 50% of the people and leak out of a lab. we are not done with the subject check. pete: you talking about gain-of-function which is still going on in china. will: you hear that about the new strands that are being ...
FOX News: Hannity
12/2/2023 7:43am
... of whether or not this was gain of function researchain-of. dece there has to be a reason why anthony fauci decided not to send thisd this t to the safy committee. this may be the worst medical decisionth ever made by a scientist or physician in government not to reviewor this for safety before ...
FOX News: Hannity
12/2/2023 7:43am
... anthony fauci, how do you know this wasn't gain of function, whe says, all of my experts tod me. so we've been asking hhs, whichk oversees nih, we've been asking themin for over two years, give us the dialog, give us the debate of the discussion g ...
FOX News: Hannity
12/2/2023 7:40am
... worried because the virus looks like it's been manipulated. and of cours me we're worriedng because we know they're doing gain of function research in that lab. so tion res dishonesty is just remarkable. but the real question is, does the cover up was the top of the food chain of the cover up, ...
FOX News: Hannity
12/2/2023 2:43am
... this was gain-of-function research because there has to be a reason why anthony fauci decided not to send this to the safety committee. this may be the worst medical decision ever made by a scientist or physician in government not to review this ...
FOX News: Hannity
12/2/2023 2:43am
... what i've asked anthony fauci, how do you know this wasn't gain of function he says all of my experts told me. so we've been asking hhs, which oversees nih. we've been asking for over two years, give us the dialogue. give us the debate, the discussion of whether or not ...
FOX News: Hannity
12/2/2023 2:42am
... late into the night with fellow nih people asking the question, wondering aloud whether or not gain-of-function research had taken place and whether or not they funded it. the eco-health alliance for the ...
FOX News: Hannity
12/2/2023 2:40am
... worried because the virus looks like it's been manipulated. of course we are worried because we know they are doing gain-of-function research in that lab. the dishonesty is just remarkable but the real question is, does the cover-up -- was the top of the food chain of ...
FOX News: Hannity
12/2/2023 2:40am
... the opposite in public so when he came to congress, he basically lied to congress and said that they weren't funding dangerous gain-of-function research in wuhan, research that in all likelihood lead to the virus but in private he was saying with the other scientists were saying of course we are ...
FOX News: Jesse Watters Primetime
11/2/2023 0:20am
... administration who was about to take over the nih told rand paul in a hearing that she supports a gain of function experiments on animals. she supports funding labs in china and other enemy nations that are completely unaccountable to american ...
FOX News: FOX and Friends
10/11/2023 10:40am
... significant regulations on this gain of function research where they take two viruses, mix them together and say if we can make ebola more dangerous. see if we can make the avian flu more deadly when making it aerosolized when it is not ...
FOX News: Hannity
10/6/2023 6:19am
... funding gain of function research in wuhan. and yen. and yett privately he'e exactly the opposite. we have him dead to rights. i have summarized this as well and referred him to merrickpeop garland at the department of justice. people say, why hasn't he been arrested? we whyy isn't he in jail? ...
FOX News: Hannity
10/6/2023 6:19am
... the virus appears to be manipulated. and we're also very concerned because ree we know they're doig gain of function research in wuhaneverythi. so everything he told me t in committee, everything he denied in committee, he tolod unequivocally, sir, we are not doing gain of function, are nota ...
FOX News: Hannity
10/6/2023 6:18am
... january at the very beginning of covid, number one, that it gi was likely gain of function research that that built this virus, that it was likely l the wuhan and it was likely heal us tax dollars funneled ...
FOX News: Hannity
10/6/2023 1:19am
... manipulated and very concerned because we know they are doing gain of function research in wuhan. so, everything he told me in committee, everything he denied in committee he told me unequivocally, sir, we are not doing gain of function, we are not funding gain of function ...
FOX News: Hannity
10/6/2023 1:18am
... january at the very beginning of covid, number one that it was likely gain of function research that built this virus, it was likely the wuhan lab and it was likely some u.s. tax dollars ...
FOX News: The Ingraham Angle
9/14/2023 8:29am
... research or gain of function research at wuhan through the ecohealth alliance there is a really disturbing tale. and hard line to america as well. laura: mr. secretary, it's been too long. great to see you. thank you so much. ...
FOX News: The Ingraham Angle
9/14/2023 8:28am
... dr. fauci and others put on the u.s. to avoid what we now to be the almost uncertain truth that the virus came from the institute of virology. laura: mr. secretary, we were funding gain of function type ...
FOX News: The Five
9/14/2023 4:41am
... to bribe agents to cover that up, so my hunch would be that money we sent over there for gain of function may have created covid-19, not just any old virus that they were studying because remember they ...
FOX News: The Five
9/14/2023 4:40am
... so the question is, was the bonus tied to a specific answer? and that's what we want to know, but, yes, we already know that money did go to the lab for gain of function research. right. ...
FOX News: The Ingraham Angle
9/13/2023 11:29pm
... research or gain of function research at wuhan through the ecohealth alliance there is a really disturbing tale. and hard line to america as well. laura: mr. secretary, it's been too long. great to see you. ...
FOX News: The Ingraham Angle
9/13/2023 11:28pm
... dr. fauci and others put on the u.s. to avoid what we now to be the almost uncertain truth that the virus came from the institute of virology. laura: mr. secretary, we were funding gain of function type ...
FOX News: The Five
9/13/2023 9:41pm
... china. and if that was the case, that's a good op. but why would we need to bribe agents to cover that up? right? my hunch would be that money that we sent over there for gain of function may have created ...
FOX News: The Five
9/13/2023 9:40pm
... that money did go to the lab for gain-of-function research. and we also know through whistle-blowers that we were using the access to the lab to spy on bio weapons programs in ...
FOX News: FOX and Friends
9/13/2023 11:12am
... from a lab. because that effects his agency. pete: for sure and it points back to him. ainsley: then you have to say if we are giving money to gain of function research, and then diseases are spreading and causing millions of deaths, are ...
FOX News: FOX and Friends
9/13/2023 11:12am
... the cia committee. telling them that this is not coming from the lab. worked for -- he worked for an agency that was getting grant money, to do gain of function research in these labs. i believe in america. and in wuhan. so he doesn't want it to come ...
FOX News: Jesse Watters Primetime
9/13/2023 0:33am
... bio-technology they worked on gain of function in subpar substandard environment in their laboratory and it escaped. jesse: so we were using these grants as an excuse to spy on the bioweapons component of these laboratories. ...
FOX News: Jesse Watters Primetime
9/13/2023 0:32am
... leak to, eh, not really sure. we know for a fact the united states was funding gain of function at the lab where covid-19 came from. but was the lab funding a back door to spy on chinese bioweapons? well, an ecohealth alliance ...
FOX News: Jesse Watters Primetime
9/8/2023 5:13am
... mask mandates, no mandates on schoolchildren, no covid vaccine mandates. rehoe even banned gain of function research. i think part of the problem with this, jesse.parts of, is af these leftists, they think that these lockdown policieftistss w. they did not work, and nobody's ...
FOX News: Jesse Watters Primetime
9/8/2023 0:13am
... business you go to whether it's a government agency nothing no mask mandates no mandates on school children no covid vax mandates and gain of function research. i think a parts of this a lot of these leftists think these ...
FOX News: The Five
9/5/2023 4:30am
... is going to just go like this and keep us -- you can even build sunscreen that lasts for longer than three hours. and you know what, greg? that scientists, let's sit this one out. it is kind of watch the wuhan gain of function. stay in your lane. ...
FOX News: The Five
9/4/2023 9:30pm
... and you know what, greg? that scientists, let's sit this one out. it is kind of watch the wuhan gain of function. stay in your lane. work on cancer. we will deal with the sun. jeanine: i'm not going to eat bugs to save the planet. ...
FOX News: The Ingraham Angle
8/30/2023 11:11pm
... of the supreme court stuff, which by the way, great for him for blocking merrick garland that only worked because donald trump won. great for him doing the nuclear option on scotus for getting us gain of function research, kavanaugh and barrett. i think chris pointed out that ...
FOX News: FOX and Friends
8/10/2023 11:35am
... suspicious because we know they are doing gain of function research. he then goes on to describe the research and it's exactly the research that the nih funded. so he is caught dead to rights here. but we have an incredibly ...
FOX News: FOX and Friends
8/10/2023 11:35am
... that is fauci in private saying the opposite of what he was saying in public. when he was publicly telling me that absolutely we do not fund gain of function research in china, he says privately, we are suspicious that the virus has been manipulated and we are ...
FOX News: FOX and Friends
8/10/2023 11:35am
... gain of function research. we now have the government accountability office, the gao has admitted that the funding cage from the nih. we have the acting director admitting it in writing that it came from the nih. now we have really the smoking gun. ...
FOX News: FOX and Friends
8/10/2023 11:34am
... retract your statement of may 11th where you claimed that the nih never funded gain of function research in wuhan? senator paul, i have never lied before the congress. and i do not retract that statement. you do not know what you are ...
FOX News: Fox News at Night
8/10/2023 3:20am
... for his gain of function research. he says hershey's testimony was inconsistent with his e-mails. governor stitt appeals, has ruled that noncitizen parents can vote in san francisco school ...
FOX News: FOX Friends First
8/9/2023 9:47am
... function research at wuhan lab. had said in 2021, in front of the senate committee, nih was not funding gain of function research. so much evidence has to come light, that is what was ...